Risk & markets
Dark fleet (shadow fleet)
Aging tankers that obscure ownership and switch off tracking to move sanctioned cargo.
What is Dark fleet (shadow fleet) in shipping?
A loosely defined group of typically older tankers that carry sanctioned or grey-market oil while concealing their activity — frequently disabling or spoofing their AIS transponders, conducting ship-to-ship transfers at sea, flying flags of convenience and rotating through opaque ownership structures. The fleet raises safety, environmental and compliance risks because vessels often carry substandard insurance.
Educational reference only — verify operational guidance with UKMTO, MSCHOA, your flag state, P&I club and legal counsel.
Related terms
- AIS (Automatic Identification System) — A transponder system that broadcasts a ship's identity, position and course.
- Sanctions / SDN list — Government measures restricting dealings with named entities, vessels or cargoes.
- Flag of convenience — Registering a ship in a country other than the owner's for cost or regulatory reasons.